Benjamin Harrison
Nominated for President on the eighth ballot at the 1888 Republican Convention,
Benjamin Harrison conducted one of the first "front-porch" campaigns, delivering
short speeches to delegations that visited him in Indianapolis. As he was only 5
feet, 6 inches tall, Democrats called him "Little Ben"; Republicans replied that
he was big enough to wear the hat of his grandfather, "Old Tippecanoe."
Born in 1833 on a farm by the Ohio River below Cincinnati, Harrison attended
Miami University in Ohio and read law in Cincinnati. He moved to Indianapolis,
where he practiced law and campaigned for the Republican Party. He married
Caroline Lavinia Scott in 1853. After the Civil War--he was Colonel of the 70th
Volunteer Infantry--Harrison became a pillar of Indianapolis, enhancing his
reputation as a brilliant lawyer.
The Democrats defeated him for Governor of Indiana in 1876 by unfairly
stigmatizing him as "Kid Gloves" Harrison. In the 1880's he served in the United
States Senate, where he championed Indians. homesteaders, and Civil War
veterans.In the Presidential election, Harrison received 100,000 fewer
popular votes than Cleveland, but carried the Electoral College 233 to 168.
Although Harrison had made no political bargains, his supporters had given
innumerable pledges upon his behalf.
When Boss Matt Quay of Pennsylvania heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow
victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close
a number of men were compelled to approach... the penitentiary to make him
President."
Harrison was proud of the vigorous foreign policy which he helped shape. The
first Pan American Congress met in Washington in 1889, establishing an
information center which later became the Pan American Union. At the end of his
administration Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii; to his
disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it.
Substantial appropriation bills were signed by Harrison for internal
improvements, naval expansion, and subsidies for steamship lines. For the first
time except in war, Congress appropriated a billion dollars. When critics
attacked "the billion-dollar Congress," Speaker Thomas B. Reed replied, "This is
a billion-dollar country." President Harrison also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust
Act "to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,"
the first Federal act attempting to regulate trusts.
The most perplexing domestic problem Harrison faced was the tariff issue. The
high tariff rates in effect had created a surplus of money in the Treasury.
Low-tariff advocates argued that the surplus was hurting business. Republican
leaders in Congress successfully met the challenge. Representative William
McKinley and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich framed a still higher tariff bill; some
rates were intentionally prohibitive.
Harrison tried to make the tariff more acceptable by writing in reciprocity
provisions. To cope with the Treasury surplus, the tariff was removed from
imported raw sugar; sugar growers within the United States were given two cents
a pound bounty on their production.
Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had
evaporated, and prosperity seemed about to disappear as well. Congressional
elections in 1890 went stingingly against the Republicans, and party leaders
decided to abandon President Harrison although he had cooperated with Congress
on party legislation. Nevertheless, his party renominated him in 1892, but he
was defeated by Cleveland.
After he left office, Harrison returned to Indianapolis, and married the widowed
Mrs. Mary Dimmick in 1896. A dignified elder statesman, he died in 1901. |
